# Understanding Biomineralization in Coccolithophores by Comparative Genomic, Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Analyses

> **NIH NIH SC3** · CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY SAN MARCOS · 2020 · $104,400

## Abstract

Project Summary
Coccolithophores are marine phytoplanktons that produce elegantly sculptured calcium carbonate cell coverings
known as coccoliths. While coccolith formation is of great interest to areas of material science and medicine,
information relating to the genetic and biochemical underpinnings of the biomineralization process in
coccolithophores is still lacking. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating genes and gene products
involved in the biomineralization process of coccolithophores may shed light on that of higher organisms, and
help to develop strategies to promote healthy mineralization and prevent problems associated with pathological
conditions such as rickets, kidney stones, osteoporosis, and ectopic calcification of vascular tissues. Here we
propose to improve our understanding of genes and proteins involved in coccolithophorean biomineralization by
performing integrated comparative analyses of genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data generated from next
generation sequencing (NGS). The system for this study consists of three closely related species of
Isochrysidales clade of haptophytes: calcifying Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) and Gephyrocapsa oceanica (G.
oceanica), and non-calcifying Isochrysis galbana (I. galbana), as well as E. huxleyi isogeneic strains of M217
(calcifying) and CCMP1516 (non-calcifying). The following specific aims are proposed:
Aim 1: Assemble high-quality genomes of G. oceanica and I. galbana by using NGS, and identify key gene and
protein groups essential to coccolithophorean biomineralization through integrated study of comparative
genomics and transcriptomics.
Aim 2: Uncover epigenetic modifications critical to the expression of biomineralization genes.
A large amount of NGS data will be generated and computationally analyzed for this study, which help to uncover
the genotypic similarity and differences as well as regulatory mechanisms underlying the phenotypic diversities
of coccolith formations. The project described here will PI’s current research in bioinformatics, continue to build
necessary computational infrastructure and involve more graduate and undergraduate students into
bioinformatics research at CSUSM, towards PI’s long-term goal of developing a successful interdisciplinary
research/educational program of bioinformatics at CSUSM.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 9976534
- **Project number:** 5SC3GM122659-04
- **Recipient organization:** CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY SAN MARCOS
- **Principal Investigator:** Xiaoyu Zhang
- **Activity code:** SC3 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2020
- **Award amount:** $104,400
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2017-09-15 → 2022-06-30

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9976534

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 9976534, Understanding Biomineralization in Coccolithophores by Comparative Genomic, Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Analyses (5SC3GM122659-04). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-22 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/9976534. Licensed CC0.

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