DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Caregiver experiences during early development profoundly affect development of the brain and behavior. Caregiver maltreatment imparts risk for later cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. An emerging idea is that epigenetic marking of the genome may underlie the genesis of these outcomes. However, this is based largely on correlational evidence and a causal relationship has not been established. Using a rodent model that we developed, we have shown that caregiver maltreatment induces aberrant methylation of DNA associated with the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene within the prefrontal cortex (hypermethylation), amygdala (hypomethylation), and hippocampus (hypermethylation) of female rats. We have also shown that females when adult exhibit more anxiety-like behavior during gestation and mistreat their own offspring. Finally, we have shown that aberrant cortical Bdnf gene expression and DNA methylation patterns (hypermethylation) induced by caregiver maltreatment are reversible in adulthood by pharmacological manipulation of DNA methylation. The present project will utilize our rodent model to explore the central hypothesis that epigenetic gene changes are a basis for parenting behavior associated with caregiver maltreatment. The goal of the first aim is to determine whether pharmacological manipulation of DNA methylation improves behavior of maltreated-females. The goal of the second aim is to determine whether treatment of females with a demethylating agent at the time of maltreatment can prevent the emergence of aberrant methylation and maternal behavior. Finally, the goal of the third aim is to characterize gene-specific DNA methylation patterns in maltreated-females in brain regions associated with maternal behavior. These studies provide an innovative and informative approach for understanding the epigenetic consequences of exposure to an adverse caregiving environment. Furthermore, data generated from these studies will be the first to empirically establish a causal link between maltreatment-induced DNA methylation alterations and parenting behavior.