This award is funded through the NSF Directorate for Engineering - UKRI Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Lead Agency (ENG-EPSRC) Opportunity, a collaborative solicitation between NSF and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI). This project will design innovative device fingerprinting solutions for pervasive Internet of things (IoT) devices. IoT has become the new digital infrastructure by connecting everyone and everything together via billions of wireless devices. The majority of IoT devices are usually low cost, small size with limited computational capacity and energy resources, hence, cannot afford computational expensive cryptography. There is a trend to solicit non-cryptographic and lightweight solutions for IoT, as evidenced by MIT Technology Review in 2022 reporting the end of the password as the top 10 breakthrough technologies. Radio frequency fingerprint identification (RFFI) emerges as a non-cryptographic technique for secure device identification that exploits the unique and stable hardware impairments of radio devices as their identifiers. RFFI is promising for all wireless technologies, including WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular. While RFFI has attracted active research interests in the last decade, there are still critical research challenges remaining for a more robust and reliable RFFI system, which will be the focus of this project. This project will bring together ex