# CAREER: Atomic-scale Josephson Spectroscopic Imaging of Unconventional and Non-reciprocal Superconductivity

> **NSF 01002526DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT** · University of Notre Dame (IN) · $718,755

## Abstract

Non-technical Abstract: A good example of directional response of a system can be found in a semiconductor diode, where current flows more easily in one direction than the other. Similar behavior in superconductors can lead to applications in next-generation superconducting and quantum technologies. This project investigates superconducting materials exhibiting such effects at the atomic scale, with the objective of providing insights into superconductivity and its underlying mechanisms. The research activities are integrated with a research-centered educational plan for students and researchers across various disciplines, emphasizing critical thinking and the development of technical expertise. To broaden and sustain educational impact, the project includes a “STEM Teachers Residency” program, through which middle school teachers participate directly in research and co-develop innovative curriculum materials for nationwide dissemination. Public and scientific outreach efforts include the design and construction of educational demonstration setups for use in classrooms, research facilities, and the Children’s Museum of South Bend.

Technical Abstract: The superconducting diode effect is a manifestation of non-reciprocal superconductivity. It typically requires simultaneous breaking of both inversion and time-reversal symmetries. The ability to detect and tune this effect not only offers a path to discovering symmetry-breaking unconventional superconductivity, but also enabl

## Key facts

- **NSF award ID:** 2443396
- **Awardee organization:** University of Notre Dame (IN)
- **SAM.gov UEI:** FPU6XGFXMBE9
- **PI:** Xiaolong Liu
- **Primary program:** 01002526DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT
- **All programs:** CAREER-Faculty Erly Career Dev, NANO NON-SOLIC SCI & ENG AWD, Nanoscale Devices and Systems
- **Estimated total:** $718,755
- **Funds obligated:** $718,755
- **Transaction type:** Standard Grant
- **Period:** 09/01/2025 → 08/31/2030

## Primary source

NSF Award Search: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2443396

## Citation

> US National Science Foundation, Award 2443396, CAREER: Atomic-scale Josephson Spectroscopic Imaging of Unconventional and Non-reciprocal Superconductivity. Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-06-07 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nsf/2443396. Licensed CC0.

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