Mammals display remarkable variation in the form and function of their skulls, related to what and how they eat. However, the skulls of individuals within a species can vary. If we ignore these differences, we risk missing important clues about how animals behave and adapt to their environments. This project will investigate which carnivoran mammals (i.e., bears, cats, dogs, and their relatives) show differences between males and females and why. The researchers will measure traits such as size and shape, biting ability, bone structure, and bone strength of skulls using computer models based on 3D scans of samples from local and national museum collections. The researchers will then test for differences in skull form between the sexes and whether they translate to differences in skull function. Finally, the researchers will test whether differences can be explained by diet or other aspects of their biology. The project will produce large datasets of 3D skull models. These will be saved in an online database that experts, educators, and the public alike can use to explore and learn. The project will also support training of undergraduate students and outreach and educational programs at a museum that reaches thousands of visitors a year. Understanding how ecological variation influences phenotypic diversification is a central goal of evolutionary biology. However, variation in ecology and phenotypes is not always uniform among different species, and the functional implicat