Sodium metal anode-based battery chemistry is a promising candidate for next generation energy storage systems due to its high energy density, natural abundance, and low cost. These advantages make it well suited for large-scale or grid-scale applications such as electric grids and transportation. However, the practical use of sodium batteries is hindered by challenges in controlling the battery materials’ decay, which directly affects battery performance attributes such as power, shelf life, and cycle life. This project will develop new materials characterization tools to study the interior of the batteries’ materials under changing conditions similar to how it would operate to store and discharge energy. The resulting fundamental knowledge will help enable the rational design of next generation batteries and electrochemical systems. These insights will not only promote the progress of science but also support the development of alternative energy storage technologies beyond lithium-ion, contributing to enhanced national energy security and use of domestic critical materials. Additionally, the project will engage undergraduate and graduate students through hands-on research experiences, while expanding science outreach to K-12 students to promote scientific literacy and awareness of sustainable energy. These efforts will help expand the workforce in science and engineering and help cultivate a skilled workforce to address future energy challenges. This project will advanc