The investigators aim to advance the statistical methods used to analyze spatial data, a critical component in fields such as geosciences, environmental science, and remote sensing. As data in these areas continue to grow in both size and complexity, new techniques are needed to extract meaningful insights and improve decision-making processes. This project addresses the challenge of analyzing spatial data that is irregularly spaced, which complicates traditional methods that rely on regular intervals, such as time series data. By developing novel statistical tools, the project offers solutions to improve the understanding of complex spatial relationships and uncertainty present in data. The developed methods have broad implications for a wide range of scientific fields and have the potential to improve decision-making in areas such as economic modeling, computer experiments, environmental science, and more traditional geostatistical applications, such as pollution modeling and monitoring. This work will also support education by advancing the field of spatial statistics and offering new methods that can be integrated into teaching and research initiatives. Ultimately, the project will contribute to the national interest by providing more accurate models and robust inference tools for spatial data analysis, with applications that can support informed policy decisions and scientific advancements. The goal of this project is to tackle two significant challenges in resamplin