This CAREER project establishes the scientific foundations of human-physical interaction and interaction-driven coadaptation within human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS). Humans and physical systems interact bidirectionally in HCPS, actively influencing and being influenced by each other. Under external disruptions, coordinated adaptations driven by bidirectional interactions – where adaptations in each domain both inform and respond to those in the other – enhance collective resilience beyond one-sided or independent adaptations. Biological systems underscore interaction-driven coadaptation as a fundamental organizing principle: interacting species coordinate adaptations based on interaction traits to thrive under changing conditions. To achieve this goal, the project formalizes interaction-driven coadaptation between humans and civil infrastructure systems (e.g., transportation, power, and water systems). This formalization strengthens collective resilience to increasingly frequent and severe disasters by enabling coordinated adaptations between humans and infrastructure systems, reducing disruption losses and accelerating recovery. The project will advance the U.S. national interests by improving life stability, infrastructure operability, economic continuity, and response to disaster-induced disruptions. It will also promote HCPS education through an attract-train-reward pipeline, research-education integration, and public engagement. The project advances the science of HCPS by moving beyond prevailing paradigms – such as human-in/on-the-loop and human-aware systems – that often model humans as passive or exogenous agents. Instead, it establishes bidirectional human-physical interaction as the foundation for synergistic coadaptation between human and physical agents under uncertainty in coupled human-physical dynamics. Drawing inspiration from biological models of coadaptation, including replicator dynamics and evolutionarily stable strategies, the project exte