Insects provide a vital role in pollinating crops, recycling nutrients, supporting food webs, and through their influence on human and animal health. Many beneficial insect groups are declining, while some harmful ones that damage crops, spread disease, or affect property are expanding into new areas. Extreme climate and weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, cold snaps, and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent and severe. These extreme events can rapidly impact insect populations, but we still do not know which insects are most vulnerable, which may benefit, how those effects play out across regions and over time, and what the impact with be on the U.S. human population. This project will develop a new framework to understand how extreme climate and weather events affect adult insect abundances across the contiguous United States, with a focus on three groups: mosquitoes, butterflies and moths, and ground beetles. These groups are especially important from ecological and societal perspectives, and as targets for biotechnology development. By integrating multiple dimensions of extreme events with species traits, this framework moves beyond single-event studies, with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, to obtain new insight and a more realistic and generalizable understanding of how environmental extremes shape biological systems. Improving the ability to anticipate these responses is critical to developing resilience strategies for conservation, food se