{"url_path":"/sec/ug/10-k/2026/item-9a","section_key":"item-9a","section_title":"Item 9A **","topic":"sec","document":{"doc_type":"10-K","doc_date":"2026-03-27","source_url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/101295/0001171843-26-001973-index.html","accession_number":"0001171843-26-001973","cik":"0000101295","ticker":"UG","issuer_name":"UNITED GUARDIAN INC","edgar_url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/101295/0001171843-26-001973-index.html","primary_entity_key":"0000101295","primary_entity_name":"UNITED GUARDIAN INC"},"word_count":523,"has_tables":true,"body_markdown":"**Item 9A.**\n\n**Controls and Procedures.**\n\n \n\n(a)   **Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures******\n\n \n\nOur management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, has evaluated the design, operation, and effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2025. On the basis of that evaluation, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to be, and are, effective at providing reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted pursuant to the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.\n\n \n\n(b)   **Management**’**s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting**\n\n \n\nManagement is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to management and to our Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO 2013”). Based on management’s evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.\n\n \n\nThis Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Since we are a non-accelerated filer, management’s report is not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. As a result, this Annual Report contains only management’s report on internal controls.\n\n \n\n(c)  ******Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting**\n\n \n\nThere were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in the fourth quarter of 2025 that materially affected, or would be reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.\n\n \n\n24\n\n \n\n \n\n(d)  ******Limitations of the Effectiveness of Internal Controls**\n\n \n\nThe effectiveness of our system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting is subject to certain limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing and evaluating the control system, the assumptions used in identifying the likelihood of future events, and the inability to eliminate fraud and misconduct completely. As a result, there can be no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will detect all errors or fraud. However, our control systems have been designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are effective at the reasonable assurance level."}