This action promulgates national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA) for shipbuilding and ship repair (surface coating) operations. The NESHAP requires existing and new major sources to control emissions using the maximum achievable control technology (MACT) to control hazardous air pollutants (HAP). The MACT described herein is based on maximum HAP limits for various categories of marine coatings. Surface coating operations at shipyards are the focus of the NESHAP, and a variety of HAP are used as solvents in marine coatings. The HAP emitted by the facilities covered by this final rule include xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, and glycol ethers. All of these pollutants can cause reversible or irreversible toxic effects following exposure. The potential toxic effects include irritation of the eye, nose, throat, and skin and damage to the blood cells, heart, liver, and kidneys. The final rule is estimated to reduce baseline emissions of HAP by 24 percent or 318.5 megagrams per year (Mg/yr) (350 tons per year (tpy)). The emissions reductions achieved by these standards, combined with the emissions reductions achieved by similar standards, will achieve the primary goal of the CAA, which is to ``enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and productive capacity of its population''. The intent of this final regulation is to protect the public health by requiring the maximum degree of reduction in emissions of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (VOHAP) from new and existing sources, taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission reduction, any nonair quality, health and environmental impacts, and energy requirements.