This application proposes the addition of data collection and hypotheses for the parent R01 in support of the training of a very promising graduate student from an under-represented background. Using data from a completed pilot study in individuals with emotion dysregulation, our team has shown that task-based functional activity and connectivity in the insula are associated with induction of negative emotion, utilization of emotion regulation skills, and emotion dysregulation severity. In a comparison group of non-clinical participants, utilization of emotion regulation skills was associated with increased functional connectivity strength between the insula and the mPFC, a default mode network node. These findings suggest that dynamics between the salience and other large-scale prefrontal networks differ between emotionally dysregulated and non-clinical participants. Therefore, the supplement plans to examine the hypothesis that cortico-insular connections are critically involved in emotion dysregulation and may be a mechanism for the therapeutic response to neuromodulatory perturbation. Ms. Gerlus is planning to learn and employ a connectomic approach to determine how cortico-insular connectivity is related to emotion dysregulation and affected by brain stimulation. The skills and training proposed would allow her to establish the foundation for a physician-scientist career at the intersection of psychiatry and neuroscience and would serve as the basis for her dissertation.